How AI is reshaping counter-terrorism and why human oversight matters
Artificial intelligence alongside facial recognition, biometric systems, and digital surveillance are increasingly being adopted in counter-terrorism to identify potential threats. But according to UN Special Rapporteur Ben Saul, these technologies also introduce new risks if they are used without proper safeguards.
Saul will deliver the keynote address at the Asser Institute's Advanced Summer Programme on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and the Rule of Law in The Hague this August, where experts from around the world will discuss the latest developments in terrorism and the legal and policy responses to it.
AI brings opportunities, but also risks
In an interview with the Asser Institute, Saul observed that AI and related technologies are giving governments an unprecedented ability to monitor people and analyse data. While these tools can support national security efforts, they can also lead to mass surveillance, privacy violations, and discrimination if they are deployed without sufficient oversight.
He warns that AI systems are not infallible. Biased datasets, false positives, and a lack of transparency can affect decisions that have significant consequences for individuals. In many cases, people may not even know they have been subjected to automated profiling or surveillance.
Building safeguards into AI
Rather than limiting technological innovation, Saul argues that governments should strengthen the rules governing its use. He recommends clear legal frameworks for AI in national security, meaningful human oversight of automated systems, and independent regulators with the expertise to monitor how these technologies are deployed.
As governments continue to invest in AI-powered security tools, these questions are becoming increasingly important. Through initiatives such as the Asser Institute's summer programme, The Hague continues to provide a forum where policymakers, legal experts, and researchers can examine how counter-terrorism measures can remain both effective and firmly rooted in the rule of law.
“Specific legal frameworks, effective human control and oversight need to ensure that artificial intelligence algorithms are explainable and transparent, enabling people to complain and to seek effective remedies.”
Ben Saul, UN Special Rapporteur
About the programme
The Advanced Summer Programme on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and the Rule of Law takes place from 24–29 August 2026 at the Asser Institute in The Hague. The programme brings together legal practitioners, policymakers, academics, security professionals, and civil society representatives to examine current challenges in terrorism and counter-terrorism. Topics include international and domestic legal frameworks, terrorist financing, online radicalisation, sanctions, foreign fighters, the rights of victims, and emerging policy developments. UN Special Rapporteur Ben Saul will deliver the keynote address.
